{"id":33039,"date":"2022-01-30T10:30:45","date_gmt":"2022-01-30T10:30:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/?p=33039"},"modified":"2025-03-02T15:18:57","modified_gmt":"2025-03-02T11:48:57","slug":"history-of-linux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1\u060c \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0623 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f. Dos \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u067e\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0644 \u06af\u06cc\u062a\u0633 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u06a9\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a \u06f5\u06f0\u066b\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0648\u0634 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u063a\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0647\u0648\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0634\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f. Mac \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unix \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 Unix \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u06a9\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u200c \u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0650\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u062f. \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u0650 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f Minix \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0633. \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 (Andrew S.Tanenbaum<\/a>)\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06cc-\u0647\u0644\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0632\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647
\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0633. \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 (Andrew S.Tanenbaum)\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 Minix<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Minix \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0632\u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0644 \u06f8\u06f0\u06f8\u06f6 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u200c\u0648\u200c\u0635\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u00abOperating Systems: Design and Implementation\u00bb \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06f1\u06f2\u066b\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0 \u062e\u0637 \u06a9\u062f\u0650 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 Assembly \u0648 C \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0633\u200c\u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u06a9\u0631\u0650 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0633\u200c\u06a9\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u06cc \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0647\u0646\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u00bb \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u062c \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648 \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0686\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0632 (Linus Torvalds<\/a>) \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647
\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0632 (Linus Torvalds)\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0622\u0645\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u06a9\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u200c\u0622\u0645\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u06f2\u06f1\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. Minix \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u06af\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0650 (GNU<\/a>) \u0631\u06cc\u0686\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646 (Richard Stallman<\/a>)\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u06cc\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0642\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062f\u0631 MIT \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f7\u06f0 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0631 Emacs \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u0647\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0634\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u067e\u0644\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u06af\u0646\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f3\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u200c\u0645\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f4 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0631 \u06af\u0646\u0648 (GCC<\/a>) \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u06a9\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a GCC \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0631\u06cc\u0686\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u060c \u067e\u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0646\u0648\u060c \u062a\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. GCC \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u062d\u062a\u06cc Minix \u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u062f (\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f0\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645\u060c Minix \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u0633 BSD \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f). \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u06af\u0646\u0648 (HURD<\/a>) \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06f2\u06f5 \u0622\u06af\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0650 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u06cc Minix \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0645 (\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0639\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u06af\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f) \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc 386 \u0648 486 AT \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 Minix \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 Minix \u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061b \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 (\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc) \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631. \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0645 bash \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 1.08 \u0648 GCC \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 1.40 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0686\u0647 \u0641\u06cc\u0686\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u067e\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u0645.<\/p>\n\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 (trovalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 0.01 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0633\u067e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u067e\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0632\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 Minix \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0647\u200c\u0631\u0648 \u0634\u062f. \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06a9\u062a\u0647 \u067e\u0627\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062e\u062f\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u06af\u0631\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645<\/em> \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0632<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u0686\u06cc\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f Linux \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u062f. \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0647: \u00abLinux \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062e \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u00bb. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0646\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 Linux. \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f Linux\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e \u062f\u0627\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0630\u0647\u0646\u06cc Minix \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0645<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u06a9\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u06af\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 Linux \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0646\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u0637\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0634 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0633\u062a. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0622\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u061b \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0686\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u0650 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 Debian \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f: \u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0634 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u06a9\u061b \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1-\u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f2 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0648\u0646 IBM \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u200c\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 (closed source) \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0631\u062c\u200c\u0648\u200c\u0645\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0636\u062f \u06a9\u0633\u0628\u200c\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f Linux \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u06cc\u200c\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0648\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647 Linux \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0647\u06a9\u0650 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 IBM \u0648 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0634 \u0646\u0631\u0645\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u06cc\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f: \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632 \u2013 \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

History of Linux<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1\u060c \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u062e\u062a\u200c\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":33043,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46,48,273,138],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33039","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-developer","category-technology","category-linux","category-history"],"yoast_head":"\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 - \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 Linus Torvalds \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 - \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 Linus Torvalds \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-01-30T10:30:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-02T11:48:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/256c0fa1a4179442163f152ffeb1006d\"},\"headline\":\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-30T10:30:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-02T11:48:57+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/\"},\"wordCount\":66,\"commentCount\":4,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647\",\"\u062a\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\",\"\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\",\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/\",\"name\":\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 - \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-01-30T10:30:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-02T11:48:57+00:00\",\"description\":\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 Linus Torvalds \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":800,\"caption\":\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/category\/developer\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\u062a\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/category\/developer\/technology\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/category\/developer\/technology\/linux\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af\",\"description\":\"\u0647\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/logo-quera22-e1574766184574.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/logo-quera22-e1574766184574.png\",\"width\":300,\"height\":300,\"caption\":\"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/quera.ir\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/256c0fa1a4179442163f152ffeb1006d\",\"name\":\"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fa-IR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cfb7f309160ff094521c9031a472e80ecb7d1ee5380f9931aee8489aa6b4abb2?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cfb7f309160ff094521c9031a472e80ecb7d1ee5380f9931aee8489aa6b4abb2?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 - \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af","description":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 Linus Torvalds \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/","og_locale":"fa_IR","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 - \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af","og_description":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 Linus Torvalds \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f","og_url":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/","og_site_name":"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af","article_published_time":"2022-01-30T10:30:45+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-03-02T11:48:57+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":800,"url":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0633\u062a":"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af","\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646":"8 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"TechArticle","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/"},"author":{"name":"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/256c0fa1a4179442163f152ffeb1006d"},"headline":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633","datePublished":"2022-01-30T10:30:45+00:00","dateModified":"2025-03-02T11:48:57+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/"},"wordCount":66,"commentCount":4,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg","articleSection":["\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647","\u062a\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc","\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633","\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647"],"inLanguage":"fa-IR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/","url":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/","name":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 - \u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg","datePublished":"2022-01-30T10:30:45+00:00","dateModified":"2025-03-02T11:48:57+00:00","description":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f1 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 Linus Torvalds \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fa-IR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fa-IR","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Linux-History.jpg","width":1200,"height":800,"caption":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/history-of-linux\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647","item":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647","item":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/category\/developer\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"\u062a\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc","item":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/category\/developer\/technology\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633","item":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/category\/developer\/technology\/linux\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/","name":"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627\u200c\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af","description":"\u0647\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fa-IR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#organization","name":"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627","url":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fa-IR","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/logo-quera22-e1574766184574.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/logo-quera22-e1574766184574.png","width":300,"height":300,"caption":"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/quera.ir\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/256c0fa1a4179442163f152ffeb1006d","name":"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fa-IR","@id":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cfb7f309160ff094521c9031a472e80ecb7d1ee5380f9931aee8489aa6b4abb2?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cfb7f309160ff094521c9031a472e80ecb7d1ee5380f9931aee8489aa6b4abb2?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"\u06a9\u0648\u0626\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33039","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33039"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33039\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":45442,"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33039\/revisions\/45442"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33043"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33039"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33039"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quera.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33039"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}